Notebook : voltmeter

Results for voltmeter

FET and vacuum-tube voltmeters

Sikha June 19, 2016

It was mentioned that a good voltmeter will disturb the circuit under test as little as possible,and this requires that the meter have a high internal resistance. Besides the electrostatictype voltmeter, there is another way to get an extremely high internal resistance. This is to sample a tiny, tiny current, far too small for any meter to directly indicate, and then amplify this current so that a meter will show it. When a miniscule amount of current is drawn from a circuit, the equivalent resistance is always extremely high.

The most effective way to accomplish the amplification, while making sure that the current drawn really is tiny, is to use either a vacuum tube or a field-effect transistor (FET). You needn’t worry about how such amplifiers work right now; that subject will come much later in this book. A voltmeter that uses a vacuum tube amplifier to minimize current drain is known as a vacuum-tube voltmeter (VTVM). If an FET is used, the meter is called a FET voltmeter (FETVM). Either of these devices provide anextremely high input resistance along with good sensitivity and amplification. And they allow measurement of lower voltages, in general, than electrostatic voltmeters.

FET and vacuum-tube voltmeters

Reviewed by Sikha on June 19, 2016 Rating: 5

Voltmeter- Principle and operation

Sikha June 19, 2016

Current is a flow of charge carriers. Voltage, or electromotive force (EMF), or potential difference, is the “pressure” that makes a current possible. Given a circuit whose resistance is constant, the current that will flow in the circuit is directly proportional to the voltage placed across it. Early electrical experimenters recognized that an ammeter could be used to measure voltage, since an ammeter is a form of constant-resistance circuit.

If you connect an ammeter directly across a source of voltage—a battery, say—the

meter needle will deflect. In fact, a milliammeter needle will probably be “pinned” if you do this with it, and a microammeter might well be wrecked by the force of the needle striking the pin at the top of the scale. For this reason, you should never connect milliammeters or microammeters directly across voltage sources. An ammeter, perhaps with a range of 0-10 A, might not deflect to full scale if it is placed across a battery, but it’s still a bad idea to do this, because it will rapidly drain the battery.

Some batteries, such as automotive lead-acid cells, can explode under these conditions. This is because all ammeters have low internal resistance. They are designed that way deliberately. They are meant to be connected in series with other parts of a circuit, not right across the power supply.

But if you place a large resistor in series with an ammeter, and then connect the

ammeter across a battery or other type of power supply, you no longer have a short circuit. The ammeter will give an indication that is directly proportional to the voltage of the supply. The smaller the full-scale reading of the ammeter, the larger the resistance to get a meaningful indication on the meter. Using a microammeter and a very large value of resistor in series, a voltmeter can be devised that will draw only a little current from the source.

A voltmeter can be made to have different ranges for the full-scale reading, by switching different values of resistance in series with the microammeter (Fig. 3-6). The internal resistance of the meter is large because the values of the resistors are large.

The greater the supply voltage, the larger the internal resistance of the meter, because the necessary series resistance increases as the voltage increases.

It’s always good when a voltmeter has a high internal resistance. The reason for this is that you don’t want the meter to draw much current from the power source. This current should go, as much as possible, towards working whatever circuit is hooked up to the supply, and not into just getting a reading of the voltage. Also, you might not want, or need, to have the voltmeter constantly connected in the circuit; you might need the voltmeter for testing many different circuits. You don’t want the behavior of the circuit to be affected the instant you connect the voltmeter to the supply. The less current a voltmeter draws, the less it will affect the behavior of anything that is working from the power supply.